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. Observations suggest that during the last decades the Greenland Ice Sheet(GrIS) has experienced a gradually accelerating mass loss, in part due to theobserved speed-up of several of Greenland's marine-terminating glaciers.Recent studies directly attribute this to warming North Atlantictemperatures, which have triggered melting of the outlet glaciers of theGrIS, grounding-line retreat and enhanced ice discharge into the ocean,contributing to an acceleration of sea-level rise. Reconstructions suggestthat the influence of the ocean has been of primary importance in the past aswell. This was the case not only in interglacial periods, when warmerclimates led to a rapid retreat of the GrIS to land above sea level, but alsoin glacial periods, when the GrIS expanded as far as the continental shelfbreak and was thus more directly exposed to oceanic changes. However, theGrIS response to palaeo-oceanic variations has yet to be investigated indetail from a mechanistic modelling perspective. In this work, the evolutionof the GrIS over the past two glacial cycles is studied using athree-dimensional hybrid ice-sheet–shelf model. We assess the effect of thevariation of oceanic temperatures on the GrIS evolution onglacial–interglacial timescales through changes in submarine melting. Theresults show a very high sensitivity of the GrIS to changing oceanicconditions. Oceanic forcing is found to be a primary driver of GrIS expansionin glacial times and of retreat in interglacial periods. If switched off,palaeo-atmospheric variations alone are not able to yield a reliable glacialconfiguration of the GrIS. This work therefore suggests that considering theocean as an active forcing should become standard practice in palaeo-ice-sheetmodelling.

The sensitivity of the Greenland Ice Sheet to glacial–interglacial oceanic forcing