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. A large array of proxy recordssuggests that the “4.2 ka event” marks an approximately300-year long period ( ∼3.9 to 4.2 ka) ofmajor climate change across the globe. However, the climatic manifestation ofthis event, including its onset, duration, and termination, remains lessclear in the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) domain. Here, we present new oxygenisotope ( δ18O ) data from a pair of speleothems (ML.1 and ML.2)from Mawmluh Cave, Meghalaya, India, that provide a high-resolution record ofISM variability during a period ( ∼3.78 and 4.44 ka) that fullyencompasses the 4.2 ka event. The sub-annually to annually resolved ML.1 δ18O record is constrained by 18 230Th dates with anaverage dating error of ±13  years ( 2σ ) and a resolution of ∼40  years, which allows us to characterize the ISM variability withunprecedented detail. The inferred pattern of ISM variability during theperiod contemporaneous with the 4.2 ka event shares broad similarities andkey differences with the previous reconstructions of ISM from the MawmluhCave and other proxy records from the region. Our data suggest that the ISMintensity, in the context of the length of our record, abruptly decreased at ∼4.0  ka ( ∼ ± 13  years), marking the onset of a multi-centennialperiod of relatively reduced ISM, which was punctuated by at least twomulti-decadal droughts between ∼3.9 and 4.0 ka. The latter stands outin contrast with some previous proxy reconstructions of the ISM, in which the4.2 ka event has been depicted as a singular multi-centennial drought.

climate of the past

Evaluating the timing and structure of the 4.2 ka event in the Indian summer monsoon domain from an annually resolved speleothem record from Northeast India