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. In this study we have applied different indices based on long-chain diols, i.e., thelong-chain diol index (LDI) as a proxy for past SST, thediol index as an indicator of past upwelling conditions, and the nutrient diolindex (NDI) as a proxy for nitrate and phosphate concentrations in seawater.The proxies were analyzed in marine sediments recovered at ODP Site 1234,located within the Peru–Chile upwelling system, with a ∼2  kyrresolution covering the last 150 kyr. We also generatedTEX 86 H and U 37 K ′ temperature and planktonic δ18O records, as well as total organic carbon (TOC) andaccumulation rates (ARs) of TOC and lipid biomarkers (i.e., C37 alkenones, GDGTs, dinosterol, and loliolide) to reconstruct past phytoplanktonproduction. The LDI-derived SST record covaries with TEX 86 H -and U 37 K ′ -derived SST records as well as with the planktonic δ18O record, implying that the LDI reflects past SSTvariations at this site. TOC and phytoplankton AR records indicate increasedexport production during the last interglacial (MIS 5), simultaneous with apeak in the abundance of preserved Chaetoceros diatoms, suggestingintensified upwelling during this period. The diol index is relatively lowduring the upwelling period, but peaks before and after this period,suggesting that Proboscia diatoms were more abundant before andafter the period of upwelling. The NDI reveals the same trends as the diolindex, suggesting that the input of nitrate and phosphate was minimal duringupwelling, which is unrealistic. We suggest that the diol index and NDIshould perhaps be considered as indicators for Proboscia productivity instead of upwelling conditions or nutrient concentrations.

A Late Quaternary climate record based on long-chain diol proxies from the Chilean margin