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. The management of hydrological extremes and impacts on society isinadequately understood because of the combination of short-termhydrological records, an equally short-term assessment of societalresponses and the complex multi-directional relationships between the twoover longer timescales. Rainfall seasonality and inter-annual variability onthe Pacific coast of Central America is high due to the passage of the InterTropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and the El Nino–Southern Oscillation(ENSO). Here we reconstruct hydrological variability and demonstrate thepotential for assessing societal impacts by drawing on documentary sources fromthe cities of Santiago de Guatemala (now Antigua Guatemala) and Guatemala dela Asuncion (now Guatemala City) over the period from 1640 to 1945. Cityand municipal council meetings provide a rich source of information datingback to the beginning of Spanish colonisation in the 16th century. We use almostcontinuous sources from 1640 AD onwards, including > 190 volumesof Actas de Cabildo and Actas Municipales (minutes of meetings of the city and municipal councils) held bythe Archivo Historico de la Municipalidad de Antigua Guatemala (AHMAG) and the Archivo General de Centro America(AGCA) in Guatemala City. For this 305-year period(with the exception of a total of 11 years during which the books were eithermissing or damaged), information relating to Catholic rogation ceremoniesand reports of flooding events and crop shortages were used to classify theannual rainy season (May to October) on a five-point scale from very wet tovery dry. In total, 12 years of very wet conditions, 25 years of wetter thanusual conditions, 34 years of drier conditions and 21 years of very dryconditions were recorded. An extended drier period from the 1640s to the1740s was identified and two shorter periods (the 1820s and the1840s) were dominated by dry conditions. Wetter conditions dominated the1760s–1810s and possibly record more persistent La Nina conditions thatare typically associated with higher precipitation over the Pacific coast ofCentral America. The 1640s–1740s dry period coincides with the Little IceAge and the associated southward displacement of the ITCZ.

300 years of hydrological records and societal responses to droughts and floods on the Pacific coast of Central America