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. High-altitude peat bogs and lacustrine records are very sensitive to climatechanges and atmospheric dust input. Recent studies have shown a closerelationship between regional climate aridity and enhanced eolian input tolake sediments. However, changes in regional-scale dust fluxes due toclimate variability at short scales and how alpine environments wereimpacted by climatic- and human-induced environmental changes are notcompletely understood. Here we present a multi-proxy (palynological, geochemical and magneticsusceptibility) lake sediment record of climate variability in the SierraNevada (southeastern Iberian Peninsula) over the Holocene. Magnetic susceptibility andgeochemical proxies obtained from the high mountain lake record of LagunaHondera evidence humid conditions during the early Holocene, while a trendtowards more arid conditions is recognized since ∼7000  cal yr BP, with enhancedSaharan eolian dust deposition until the present. This trendtowards enhanced arid conditions was modulated by millennial-scale climatevariability. Relative humid conditions occurred during the Iberian RomanHumid Period (2600–1450 cal yr BP) and predominantly arid conditionsoccurred during the Dark Ages and the Medieval Climate Anomaly (1450–650 cal yr BP). The Little Ice Age (650–150 cal yr BP) is characterized in theLaguna Hondera record by an increase in runoff and a minimum in eolian input. In addition,we further suggest that human impact in the area is noticed through therecord of Olea cultivation, Pinus reforestation and Pb pollution during theIndustrial Period (150 cal yr BP–present). Furthermore, we estimated thatthe correlation between Zr and Ca concentrations stands for Saharan dustinput to the Sierra Nevada lake records. These assumptions support thatpresent-day biochemical observations, pointing to eolian input as the maininorganic nutrient source for oligotrophic mountain lakes, are comparable tothe past record of eolian supply to these high-altitude lakes.

Vegetation and geochemical responses to Holocene rapid climate change in the Sierra Nevada (southeastern Iberia): the Laguna Hondera record