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. The effect of aerosols is one of many uncertain factors in projections offuture climate. However, the behaviour of mineral dust aerosols (dust) can beinvestigated within the context of past climate change. The Last GlacialMaximum (LGM) is known to have had enhanced dust deposition in comparisonwith the present, especially over polar regions. Using the Model forInterdisciplinary Research on Climate Earth System Model (MIROC-ESM), weconducted a standard LGM experiment following the protocol of thePaleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project phase 3 and sensitivityexperiments. We imposed glaciogenic dust on the standard LGM experiment andinvestigated the impacts of glaciogenic dust and non-glaciogenic duston the LGM climate. Global mean radiative perturbations by glaciogenic andnon-glaciogenic dust were both negative, consistent with previous studies.However, glaciogenic dust behaved differently in specific regions; e.g. itresulted in less cooling over the polar regions. One of the major reasons forreduced cooling is the ageing of snow or ice, which results in albedoreduction via high dust deposition, especially near sources of highglaciogenic dust emission. Although the net radiative perturbations in thelee of high glaciogenic dust provenances are negative, warming by the ageing ofsnow overcomes this radiative perturbation in the Northern Hemisphere. Incontrast, the radiative perturbation due to high dust loading in thetroposphere acts to warm the surface in areas surrounding Antarctica,primarily via the longwave aerosol–cloud interaction of dust, and it islikely the result of the greenhouse effect attributable to the enhanced cloudfraction in the upper troposphere. Although our analysis focused mainly onthe results of experiments using the atmospheric part of the MIROC-ESM, wealso conducted full MIROC-ESM experiments for an initial examination of theeffect of glaciogenic dust on the oceanic general circulation module. Along-term trend of enhanced warming was observed in the Northern Hemispherewith increased glaciogenic dust; however, the level of warming aroundAntarctica remained almost unchanged, even after extended coupling with theocean.

Effect of high dust amount on surface temperature during the Last Glacial Maximum: a modelling study using MIROC-ESM