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. The fire history of the Tibetan Plateau over centennial to millennialtimescales is not well known. Recent ice core studies reconstruct firehistory over the past few decades but do not extend through the Holocene.Lacustrine sedimentary cores, however, can provide continuous records oflocal environmental change on millennial scales during the Holocene throughthe accumulation and preservation of specific organic molecular biomarkers.To reconstruct Holocene fire events and vegetation changes occurring on thesoutheastern Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding areas, we used a multi-proxyapproach, investigating multiple biomarkers preserved in core sedimentsamples retrieved from Paru Co, a small lake located in the NyainqentanglhaMountains (29 ∘ 47 ′ 45.6 ′ ′  N, 92 ∘ 21 ′ 07.2 ′ ′  E;4845 m a.s.l.). Biomarkers include n -alkanes as indicators of vegetation,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as combustion proxies, fecal sterolsand stanols (FeSts) as indicators of the presence of humans or grazinganimals, and finally monosaccharide anhydrides (MAs) as specific markers ofvegetation burning processes. Insolation changes and the associated influenceon the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) affect the vegetation distribution andfire types recorded in Paru Co throughout the Holocene. The early Holocene(10.7–7.5 cal kyr BP) n -alkane ratios demonstrate oscillations betweengrass and conifer communities, resulting in respective smouldering firesrepresented by levoglucosan peaks, and high-temperature fires represented byhigh-molecular-weight PAHs. Forest cover increases with a strengthened ISM,where coincident high levoglucosan to mannosan (L  ∕  M)ratios are consistent with conifer burning. The decrease inthe ISM at 4.2 cal kyr BP corresponds with the expansion of regionalcivilizations, although the lack of human FeSts above the method detectionlimits excludes local anthropogenic influence on fire and vegetation changes.The late Holocene is characterized by a relatively shallow lake surrounded bygrassland, where all biomarkers other than PAHs display only minorvariations. The sum of PAHs steadily increases throughout the late Holocene,suggesting a net increase in local to regional combustion that is separatefrom vegetation and climate change.

Fire, vegetation, and Holocene climate in a southeastern Tibetan lake: a multi-biomarker reconstruction from Paru Co