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. Somali upwelling history has been reconstructed for the last 18.5 ka BP based onbiogenic silica fluxes estimated from a sediment core retrieved from thewestern Arabian Sea. Surface winds along the east African coast during thesouthwest monsoon (SWM) cause the Somali upwelling; thus, the intensity of thisupwelling has been related to the variability of the SWM. Biogenicsilica flux variation suggests periodic weakening and strengthening of theSomali upwelling. Weakened upwelling during the 18.5–15 ka BP period and strengthenedupwelling during the Bolling–Allerod (15–12.9 ka BP) suggest the onset ofthe SWM. The Younger Dryas (12.9–11.7 ka BP) is markedby reduced upwelling strength, with an intensification of the Somali upwellingobserved at the beginning of the Holocene and a further decline at 8 ka BP.The increase in the upwelling strength recorded since 8 ka BP suggests SWMstrengthening during the latter part of the Holocene. A comparison ofupwelling variations with the SWM precipitation recorddemonstrates a reversal in the relationship between the strength of the Somaliupwelling and SWM rainfall at the beginning of the Holocene.This observed shift has been attributed to the variation in the SWMstrength due to the latitudinal shift of the intertropicalconvergence zone (ITCZ) associated with changes in moisture sources.

Variations of the Somali upwelling since 18.5 ka BP and its relationship with southwest monsoon rainfall