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. The late Pliocene/early Pleistocene intensification of Northern Hemisphereglaciation (iNHG) ∼2.5 million years ago (marine isotope stages,MIS, 100–96) stands out asan important tipping point in Earth's climate history, which stronglyinfluenced oceanographic and climatic patterns including trade wind andupwelling strength in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP). The thermoclinedepth in the EEP, in turn, plays a pivotal role in the Earth's climatesystem: small changes in its depth associated with short-term climatephenomena such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation can affectsurface-water properties and the ocean–atmosphere exchange. However,thermocline dynamics in the EEP during the iNHG still remain unclear. Whilenumerous studies have suggested a link between a thermocline shoaling in theEEP and Northern Hemisphere ice growth, other studies have indicated a stablethermocline depth during the iNHG; consequently, a causal relationshipbetween thermocline dynamics and ice-sheet growth has been excluded. In lightof these contradictory views, we have generated geochemical (plankticforaminiferal δ18O, δ13C andMg ∕ Ca), sedimentological (sandaccumulation rates) and faunal (abundance data of thermocline-dwellingforaminifera) records for Ocean Drilling Program Site 849 located in thecentral region of the EEP. Our records span the interval from ∼2.75 to2.4 Ma (MIS G7–95), which is critical for understanding thermoclinedynamics during the final phase of the iNHG. Our new records document athermocline shoaling from ∼2.64 to 2.55 Ma (MIS G2–101) and arelatively shallow thermocline from ∼2.55 Ma onwards (MIS 101–95).This indicates a state change in thermocline depth at Site 849 shortly beforethe final phase of the iNHG. Ultimately, our data support the hypothesis that(sub-)tropical thermocline shoaling may have contributed to the developmentof large Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.

climate of the past

Thermocline state change in the eastern equatorial Pacific during the late Pliocene/early Pleistocene intensification of Northern Hemisphere glaciation