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Petrographic features, mineralogy, and stable isotopes from two stalagmites,\udANJB-2 and MAJ-5, respectively from Anjohibe and Anjokipoty caves, allow\uddistinction of three intervals of the Holocene in NW Madagascar. The\udMalagasy early Holocene (between ca. 9.8 and 7.8 ka) and late Holocene\ud(after ca. 1.6 ka) intervals (MEHI and MLHI, respectively) record evidence of stalagmite\uddeposition. The Malagasy middle Holocene interval (MMHI, between ca. 7.8 and 1.6 ka)\udis marked by a depositional hiatus of ca. 6500 years.\ud  \udDeposition of these stalagmites indicates that the two caves were\udsufficiently supplied with water to allow stalagmite formation. This\udsuggests that the MEHI and MLHI intervals may have been comparatively wet in\udNW Madagascar. In contrast, the long-term depositional hiatus during the\udMMHI implies it was relatively drier than the MEHI and the MLHI.\ud  \udThe alternating wet–dry–wet conditions during the Holocene may have been\udlinked to the long-term migrations of the Intertropical Convergence Zone\ud(ITCZ). When the ITCZ's mean position is farther south, NW Madagascar\udexperiences wetter conditions, such as during the MEHI and MLHI, and when it\udmoves north, NW Madagascar climate becomes drier, such as during the MMHI. A\udsimilar wet–dry–wet succession during the Holocene has been reported in\udneighboring locations, such as southeastern Africa. Beyond these three\udsubdivisions, the records also suggest wet conditions around the cold 8.2 ka\udevent, suggesting a causal relationship. However, additional Southern\udHemisphere high-resolution data will be needed to confirm this

Three distinct Holocene intervals of stalagmite deposition and nondeposition revealed in NW Madagascar, and their paleoclimate implications