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Marine Isotope Stage 31 (MIS31, between 1085 and 1055 ka)\udwas characterized by higher extratropical air temperatures and a substantial\udrecession of polar glaciers compared to today. Paleoreconstructions and model\udsimulations have increased the understanding of the MIS31 interval, but\udquestions remain regarding the role of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in\udmodifying the climate associated with the variations in Earth's orbital\udparameters. Multi-century coupled climate simulations, with the astronomical\udconfiguration of the MIS31 and modified West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS)\udtopography, show an increase in the thermohaline flux and northward oceanic\udheat transport (OHT) in the Pacific Ocean. These oceanic changes are driven\udby anomalous atmospheric circulation and increased surface salinity in\udconcert with a stronger meridional overturning circulation (MOC). The\udintensified northward OHT is responsible for up to 85 % of the global OHT\udanomalies and contributes to the overall reduction in sea ice in the Northern\udHemisphere (NH) due to Earth's astronomical configuration. The relative\udcontributions of the Atlantic Ocean to global OHT and MOC anomalies are minor\udcompared to those of the Pacific. However, sea ice changes are remarkable,\udhighlighted by decreased (increased) cover in the Ross (Weddell) Sea but\udwidespread reductions in sea ice across the NH

Oceanic response to changes in the WAIS and astronomical forcing during the MIS31 superinterglacial