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The timing and role in ocean circulation and climate of theopening of Southern Ocean gateways is as yet elusive. Recentmicropalaeontological studies suggest the onset of westward throughflow ofsurface waters from the SW Pacific into the Australo-Antarctic Gulf through asouthern shallow opening of the Tasman Gateway from 49–50 Ma onwards, adirection that is counter to the present-day eastward-flowing AntarcticCircumpolar Current. Here, we present the first model results specific to theearly-to-middle Eocene where, in agreement with the field evidence, southerlyshallow opening of the Tasman Gateway indeed causes a westward flow acrossthe Tasman Gateway. As a result, modelled estimates of dinoflagellatebiogeography are in agreement with the recent findings. Crucially, in thissituation where Australia is still situated far south and almost attached toAntarctica, the Drake Passage must be sufficiently restricted to allow theprevailing easterly wind pattern to set up this southerly restricted westwardflow. In contrast, an open Drake Passage, up to 517 m deep, leads to aneastward flow, even when the Tasman Gateway and the Australo-Antarctic gulfare entirely contained within the latitudes of easterly wind

Model simulations of early westward flow across the Tasman Gateway during the early Eocene