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The new sediment record from the deep Dead Sea basin (ICDP core 5017-1)provides a unique archive for hydroclimatic variability in the Levant. Here,we present high-resolution sediment facies analysis and elementalcomposition by micro-X-ray fluorescence (µXRF) scanning of core5017-1 to trace lake levels and responses of the regional hydroclimatologyduring the time interval from ca. 117 to 75 ka, i.e. the transition between thelast interglacial and the onset of the last glaciation. We distinguished sixmajor micro-facies types and interpreted these and their alterations in thecore in terms of relative lake level changes. The two end-member facies forhighest and lowest lake levels are (a) up to several metres thick, greenishsediments of alternating aragonite and detrital marl laminae (aad) and (b)thick halite facies, respectively. Intermediate lake levels arecharacterised by detrital marls with varying amounts of aragonite, gypsum orhalite, reflecting lower-amplitude, shorter-term variability. Two intervalsof pronounced lake level drops occurred at  ∼  110–108 ± 5 and  ∼  93–87 ± 7 ka. They likely coincide with stadialconditions in the central Mediterranean (Melisey I and II pollen zones inMonticchio) and low global sea levels during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS)5d and 5b. However, our data do not support the current hypothesis of analmost complete desiccation of the Dead Sea during the earlier of these lakelevel low stands based on a recovered gravel layer. Based on newpetrographic analyses, we propose that, although it was a low stand, thiswell-sorted gravel layer may be a vestige of a thick turbidite that has beenwashed out during drilling rather than an in situ beach deposit. Twointervals of higher lake stands at  ∼  108–93 ± 6 and ∼  87–75 ± 7 ka correspond to interstadial conditions inthe central Mediterranean, i.e. pollen zones St. Germain I and II inMonticchio, and Greenland interstadials (GI) 24+23 and 21 in Greenland, as well as to sapropels S4and S3 in the Mediterranean Sea. These apparent correlations suggest a closelink of the climate in the Levant to North Atlantic and Mediterraneanclimates during the time of the build-up of Northern Hemisphere ice shieldsin the early last glacial period

Hydroclimatic variability in the Levant during the early last glacial (∼ 117–75 ka) derived from micro-facies analyses of deep Dead Sea sediments