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Clay mineral assemblages in a sediment core from the distal Nile dischargeplume off Israel have been used to reconstruct the late Quaternary Nilesediment discharge into the eastern Mediterranean Sea (EMS). The recordspans the last ca. 140 kyr. Smectite abundances indicate the influence of theBlue Nile and the Atbara River that have their headwaters in the volcanic rocks of theEthiopian Highlands. Kaolinite abundances indicate the influence of wadis,which contribute periodically to the suspension load of the Nile.  Due to the geographical position, the climate and the sedimentary frameworkof the EMS is controlled by two climate systems. The long-term climate regimewas governed by the African monsoon that caused major African humidperiods (AHPs) with enhanced sediment discharge at 132 to < 126 (AHP 5), 116 to 99 (AHP4), and 89to 77 ka (AHP3). They lasted much longer than the formation of the relatedsapropel layers S5 (> 2 kyr), S4 (3.5 kyr), and S3(5 kyr). During the last glacial period (Marine Isotope Stages (MISs) 4–2), the long-term changes in themonsoonal system were superimposed by millennial-scale changes in anintensified midlatitude glacial system. This climate regime caused short butpronounced drought periods in the Nile catchment, which are linked toHeinrich events and alternate with more humid interstadials.  The clay mineral record further implies that feedback mechanisms betweenvegetation cover and sediment discharge of the Nile are detectable but ofminor importance for the sedimentary record in the southeasternMediterranean Sea during the investigated African humid periods

A distal 140 kyr sediment record of Nile discharge and East African monsoon variability