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We present the results of pollen analyses from a 1105 cm long sediment corefrom Wuxu Lake in southwestern China, which depict the variations of theEast Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) and the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) duringthe last 12.3 ka. During the period of 12.3 to 11.3 cal ka BP, the dominanceof Betula forest and open alpine shrub and meadow around Wuxu Lake indicates aclimate with relatively cold winters and dry summers, corresponding to theYounger Dryas event. Between 11.3 and 10.4 cal ka BP, further expansion ofBetula forest and the retreat of alpine shrubs and meadows reflect a greaterseasonality with cold winters and gradually increasing summer precipitation.From 10.4 to 4.9 cal ka BP, the dense forest understory, together with thegradual decrease in Betula forest and increase in Tsuga forest, suggest that thewinters became warmer and summer precipitation was at a maximum,corresponding to the Holocene climatic optimum. Between 4.9 and 2.6 cal ka BP, Tsuga forest and alpine shrubs and meadows expanded significantly, reflectingrelatively warm winters and decreased summer precipitation. Since 2.6 cal ka BP, reforestation around Wuxu Lake indicates a renewed humid period in thelate Holocene; however, the vegetation in the catchment may also have beenaffected by grazing activity during this period. The results of our studyare generally consistent with previous findings;however, the timing andduration of the Holocene climatic optimum from different records areinconsistent, reflecting real contrast in local rainfall response to theISM. Overall, the EAWM is broadly in-phase with the ISM on the orbitaltimescale, and both monsoons exhibit a trend of decreasing strength from theearly to late Holocene, reflecting the interplay of solar insolation receiptbetween the winter and summer seasons and El Niño–Southern Oscillationstrength in the tropical Pacific

Holocene Asian monsoon evolution revealed by a pollen record from an alpine lake on the southeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, China