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Little is known about the terrestrial response of high-latitude Scandinavianvegetation to the warmer-than-present climate of the late Pliocene(Piacenzian, 3.60–2.58 Ma). In order to assess Piacenzian terrestrialclimate variability, we present the first high-resolution reconstruction ofvegetation and climate change in northern Norway between 3.6 and 3.14 Ma. Thereconstructions are derived from pollen assemblages in the marine sedimentsof ODP Hole 642B, Norwegian Sea (67° N). The palynologicalassemblages provide a unique record of latitudinal and altitudinal shiftingof the forest boundaries, with vegetation alternating between cool temperateforest during warmer-than-present intervals and boreal forest similar totoday during cooler intervals. The northern boundary of the nemoral toboreonemoral forest zone was displaced at least 4–8° furthernorth, and warmest-month temperatures were 6–14.5 °C higher thanat present during warm phases. Warm climatic conditions persisted during theearliest Piacenzian (ca. 3.6–3.47 Ma) with diverse cool temperate nemoral toboreonemoral forests growing in the lowlands of the Scandinavian mountains.A distinct cooling event at ca. 3.47 Ma resulted in a southward shift ofvegetation zones, leading to the predominance of boreal forest and thedevelopment of open, low alpine environments. The cooling culminated around3.3 Ma, coinciding with Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) M2. Warmer climateconditions returned after ca. 3.29 Ma, with higher climate variabilityindicated by the repeated expansion of forests and peatlands during warmerand cooler periods, respectively. Climate progressively cooled after3.18 Ma, resembling climatic conditions during MIS M2. A high variability ofNorwegian vegetation and climate changes during the Piacenzian issuperimposed on a long-term cooling trend. This cooling was accompanied byan expansion of <i>Sphagnum</i> peatlands that potentially contributed to the decline inatmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations at the end of the Piacenzian warm periodand facilitated ice growth through positive vegetation–snow albedofeedbacks. Correlations with other Northern Hemisphere vegetation recordssuggest hemisphere-wide effects of climate cooling

Climate variability and long-term expansion of peatlands in Arctic Norway during the late Pliocene (ODP Site 642, Norwegian Sea)