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The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) isrepresented in numerous shallow and deep marine sections of thesouth–central and western Pyrenees by a 2–4 m thick unit (locally up to20 m) of clays or marly clays intercalated within a carbonate-dominatedsuccession. This unit records a massive input into the Pyrenean Gulf offine-grained terrestrial siliciclastics, attributed to an abrupthydrological change during the PETM. However, the nature of such a changeremains controversial. Here we show that, in addition to fine-graineddeposits, large volumes of coarse-grained siliciclastics were brought intothe basin and were mostly accumulated in incised valleys and in a long-liveddeep-sea channel. The occurrence of these coarse-grained deposits has beenknown for some time, but their correlation with the PETM is reported herefor the first time. The bulk of the incised valley deposits in the PETMinterval are cross-bedded sands and pebbly sands, almost exclusively made ofquartz. The criteria for indicting a relation to the PETM include theirstratigraphic position between upper Thanetian and lower Ilerdian marinecarbonates, organic carbon isotope data, and a high percentage of kaolinitein the clay matrix. The axially flowing deep-sea channel existed throughoutPaleocene times in the Pyrenean Basin, within which coarse-grainedcalciclastic and siliciclastic turbidites were accumulated. This Paleocenesuccession is capped by thickly bedded quartz sandstones and pebblysandstones, probably deposited by hyperpycnal flows, which are here assignedto the PETM based on their stratigraphic position and organic carbonisotopic data. The large and simultaneous increase in coarse- andfine-grained terrestrial siliciclastics delivered to the Pyrenean Gulfduring the PETM is attributed to an increased intra-annual humiditygradient. During the PETM a longer and drier summer season facilitated theerosion of landscapes, whereas a dramatic enhancement of precipitationextremes during the wet season led to intensified flood events, with riverscarrying greater volumes of both bed and suspended loads. This scenarioargues against the possibility that PETM kaolinites indicate a coeval warmand humid climate in northern Spain. Instead, the kaolinite reflects theerosion of thick Cretaceous lateritic profiles developed on the Hercynianbasement

climate of the past

A massive input of coarse-grained siliciclastics in the Pyrenean Basin during the PETM: the missing ingredient in a coeval abrupt change in hydrological regime