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The East Asian Monsoon (EAM) exhibits a significant variability on timescalesranging from tectonic to centennial as inferred from loess, speleothem andmarine records. However, the relative contributions and plausible drivingforces of the monsoon variability at different timescales remaincontroversial. Here, we spectrally explore time series of loess grain sizeand speleothem δ18O records and decompose the two proxies intointrinsic components using the empirical mode decomposition method. Spectralresults of these two proxies display clear glacial and orbital periodicitiescorresponding to ice volume and solar cycles, and evident millennial signalswhich are in pace with Heinrich rhythm and Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) cycles.Five intrinsic components are parsed out from loess grain size and sixintrinsic components from speleothem δ18O records. Combined signalsare correlated further with possible driving factors including the icevolume, insolation and North Atlantic cooling from a linear point of view.The relative contributions of components differ significantly between loessgrain size and speleothem δ18O records. Coexistence of glacial andorbital components in the loess grain size implies that both ice volume andinsolation have distinctive impacts on the winter monsoon variability, incontrast to the predominant precessional impact on the speleothemδ18O variability. Moreover, the millennial components are evidentin loess grain size and speleothem δ18O records with variances of13 and 17 %, respectively. A comparison of the millennial-scale signalsof these two proxies reveals that abrupt changes in the winter and summermonsoons over the last 260 kyr share common features and similar drivingforces linked to high-latitude Northern Hemisphere climate

Multiscale monsoon variability during the last two climatic cycles revealed by spectral signals in Chinese loess and speleothem records