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We present new annual sedimentological proxies and sub-annual element scannerdata from the Lago Grande di Monticchio (MON) sediment record for thesequence 76–112 thousand years before present (ka). They are combined withthe previously published decadal to centennial resolved pollen assemblage inorder to provide a comprehensive reconstruction of six major abrupt stadialspells (MON 1–6) in the central Mediterranean during the early phase of the lastglaciation. These climatic oscillations are defined by intervals of thickervarves and high Ti-counts and coincide with episodes of forest depletioninterpreted as Mediterranean stadial conditions (cold winter/dry summer). Ourchronology, labelled as MON-2014, has been updated for the study interval bytephrochronology and repeated and more precise varve counts and isindependent from ice-core and speleothem chronologies. The high-resolutionMonticchio data then have been compared in detail with the Greenland ice-coreδ18O record (NorthGRIP) and the northern Alps speleothemδ18Ocalcite data (NALPS). Based on visual inspection ofmajor changes in the proxy data, MON 2–6 are suggested to correlate withGreenland stadials (GS) 25–20. MON 1 (Woillard event), the first andshortest cooling spell in the Mediterranean after a long phase of stableinterglacial conditions, has no counterpart in the Greenland ice core, butcoincides with the lowest isotope values at the end of the gradual decreasein δ18Oice in NorthGRIP during the second half of theGreenland interstadial (GI) 25. MON 3 is the least pronounced cold spell andshows gradual transitions, whereas its NorthGRIP counterpart GS 24 ischaracterized by sharp changes in the isotope records. MON 2 and MON 4 arethe longest and most pronounced oscillations in the MON sediments in goodagreement with their counterparts identified in the ice and spelethemrecords. The length of MON 4 (correlating with GS 22) supports the durationof stadial proposed by the NALPS timescales and suggests ca. 500 year longerduration than calculated by the ice-core chronologiesGICC05modelext and AICC2012. Absolute dating of the cold spellsprovided by the MON-2014 chronology shows good agreement among the MON-2014,the GICC05modelext and the NALPS timescales for the periodbetween 112 and 100 ka. In contrast, the MON-2014 varve chronology dates theoscillations MON 4 to MON 6 (92–76 ka) as ca. 3500 years older than the mostlikely corresponding stadials GS 22 to GS 20 by the other chronologies

climate of the past

Annual proxy data from Lago Grande di Monticchio (southern Italy) between 76 and 112 ka: new chronological constraints and insights on abrupt climatic oscillations