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We generated a 280 000 yr record of water pH and temperature in Lake Biwa,central Japan, by analysing the methylation index (MBT<sup>′</sup>) andcyclisation ratio (CBT) of branched tetraethers in sediments from piston andborehole cores. Our aim was to understand the responses of precipitation andair temperature in central Japan to the East Asian monsoon variability onorbital timescales. Because the water pH in Lake Biwa is determined byphosphorus and alkali cation inputs, the record of water pH should indicatethe changes in precipitation and temperature in central Japan. Comparisonwith a pollen assemblage in a Lake Biwa core suggests that lake water pH wasdetermined by summer temperature in the low-eccentricity period before 55 ka,while it was determined by summer precipitation in the high-eccentricityperiod after 55 ka. From 130 to 55 ka, the variation in lake pH (summerprecipitation) lagged behind that in summer temperature by several thousandyears. This perspective is consistent with the conclusions of previousstudies (Igarashi and Oba, 2006; Yamamoto, 2009), in that the temperaturevariation preceded the precipitation variation in central Japan

Water pH and temperature in Lake Biwa from MBT'/CBT indices during the last 280 000 years