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During Marine Isotope Stage (MIS)-13, an interglacial about 500 000 yearsago, the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) was suggested exceptionally strongby different proxies in China. However, MIS-13 is a weak interglacial inmarine oxygen isotope records and has relatively low CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub>concentrations compared to other interglacials of the last 800 000 years. Inthe meantime, the sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions have shown thatthe warm pool was relatively warm during MIS-13. Based on climate modelingexperiments, this study aims at investigating whether a warmer Indo-Pacificwarm pool (IPWP) can explain the exceptionally strong EASM occurring duringthe relatively cool interglacial MIS-13. The relative contributions ofinsolation and of the IPWP SST as well as their synergism are quantifiedthrough experiments with the Hadley Centre atmosphere model, HadAM3, and usingthe factor separation technique. The SST of the IPWP has been increased basedon geological reconstructions. Our results show that the pure impact of astrong summer insolation contributes to strengthen significantly the summerprecipitation in northern China but only little in southern China. The pureimpact of enhanced IPWP SST reduces, slightly, the summer precipitation inboth northern and southern China. However, the synergism between insolationand enhanced IPWP SST contributes to a large increase of summer precipitationin southern China but to a slight decrease in northern China. Therefore, theultimate role of enhanced IPWP SST is to reinforce the impact of insolationin southern China but reduce its impact in northern China. We conclude that awarmer IPWP helps to explain the strong MIS-13 EASM precipitation insouthern China as recorded in proxy data, but another explanation is needed fornorthern China

Relative impact of insolation and the Indo-Pacific warm pool surface temperature on the East Asia summer monsoon during the MIS-13 interglacial