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Four sediment cores from the central and northern Greenland Sea basin, acrucial area for the renewal of North Atlantic deep water, were analyzed forplanktic foraminiferal fauna, planktic and benthic stable oxygen and carbonisotopes as well as ice-rafted debris to reconstruct the environmentalvariability in the last 23 kyr. During the Last Glacial Maximum, theGreenland Sea was dominated by cold and sea-ice bearing surface watermasses. Meltwater discharges from the surrounding ice sheets affected thearea during the deglaciation, influencing the water mass circulation. Duringthe Younger Dryas interval the last major freshwater event occurred in theregion. The onset of the Holocene interglacial was marked by an increase inthe advection of Atlantic Water and a rise in sea surface temperatures(SST). Although the thermal maximum was not reached simultaneously acrossthe basin, benthic isotope data indicate that the rate of overturningcirculation reached a maximum in the central Greenland Sea around 7 ka.After 6–5 ka a SST cooling and increasing sea-ice cover is noted. Conditionsduring this so-called "Neoglacial" cooling, however, changed after 3 ka,probably due to enhanced sea-ice expansion, which limited the deepconvection. As a result, a well stratified upper water column amplified thewarming of the subsurface waters in the central Greenland Sea, which were fedby increased inflow of Atlantic Water from the eastern Nordic Seas. Our datareveal that the Holocene oceanographic conditions in the Greenland Sea didnot develop uniformly. These variations were a response to a complexinterplay between the Atlantic and Polar water masses, the rate of sea-iceformation and melting and its effect on vertical convection intensity duringtimes of Northern Hemisphere insolation changes

Water mass evolution of the Greenland Sea since late glacial times