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Measurements of carbon dioxide fluxes were performed over a temperateintertidal mudflat in southwestern France using the micrometeorological EddyCovariance (EC) technique. EC measurements were carried out in twocontrasting sites of the Arcachon flat during four periods and in threedifferent seasons (autumn 2007, summer 2008, autumn 2008 and spring 2009).In addition, satellite images of the tidal flat at low tide were used tolink the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) with the occupation of themudflat by primary producers, particularly by Zostera noltii meadows. CO2 fluxesduring the four deployments showed important spatial and temporalvariations, with the flat rapidly shifting from sink to source with thetide. Absolute CO2 fluxes showed generally small negative (influx) andpositive (efflux) values, with larger values up to −13 μmol m−2 s−1for influxes and 19 μmol m−2 s−1 for effluxes. Lowtide during the day was mostly associated with a net uptake of atmosphericCO2. In contrast, during immersion and during low tide at night, CO2 fluxes where positive, negative or close to zero, depending on the seasonand the site. During the autumn of 2007, at the innermost station with apatchy Zostera noltii bed (cover of 22 ± 14% in the wind direction ofmeasurements), CO2 influx was −1.7 ± 1.7 μmol m−2 s−1 at low tideduring the day, and the efflux was 2.7 ± 3.7 μmol m−2 s−1 at low tide during the night. A gross primaryproduction (GPP) of 4.4 ± 4.1 μmol m−2 s−1 duringemersion could be attributed to microphytobenthic communities. During thesummer and autumn of 2008, at the central station with a dense eelgrass bed(92 ± 10%), CO2 uptakes at low tide during the day were−1.5 ± 1.2 and −0.9 ± 1.7 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively.Night time effluxes of CO2 were 1.0 ± 0.9 and 0.2 ± 1.1 μmol m−2 s−1in summer and autumn, respectively, resulting in aGPP during emersion of 2.5 ± 1.5 and 1.1 ± 2.0 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively, attributed primarily to the seagrass community. Atthe same station in April 2009, before Zostera noltii started to grow, the CO2 uptakeat low tide during the day was the highest (−2.7 ± 2.0 μmol m−2 s−1). Influxes of CO2 were also observed during immersionat the central station in spring and early autumn and were apparentlyrelated to phytoplankton blooms occurring at the mouth of the flat, followedby the advection of CO2-depleted water with the flooding tide.Althoughwinter data as well as water carbon measurements would be necessary todetermine a precise CO2 budget for the flat, our results suggest thattidal flat ecosystems are a modest contributor to the CO2 budget of thecoastal ocean

biogeosciences

Spatial and temporal CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; exchanges measured by Eddy Covariance over a temperate intertidal flat and their relationships to net ecosystem production