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. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) providesobservations of atmospheric methane (CH4) at an unprecedentedcombination of high spatial resolution and daily global coverage. Hu et al. (2018) reported unexpectedly large methane enhancements over South Sudan inthese observations. Here we assess methane emissions from the wetlands ofSouth Sudan using 2 years (December 2017–November 2019) of TROPOMI totalcolumn methane observations. We estimate annual wetland emissions of 7.4 ± 3.2 Tg yr−1, which agrees with the multiyear GOSAT inversionsof Lunt et al. (2019) but is an order of magnitude larger than estimatesfrom wetland process models. This disagreement may be explained by the underestimation (by up to4 times) of inundation extent by the hydrological schemesused in those models. We investigate the seasonal cycle of the emissions andfind the lowest emissions during the June–August season when the processmodels show the largest emissions. Using satellite-altimetry-based riverwater height measurements, we infer that this seasonal mismatch is likelydue to a seasonal mismatch in inundation extent. In models, inundationextent is controlled by regional precipitation scaled to static wetlandextent maps, whereas the actual inundation extent is driven by water inflowfrom rivers like the White Nile and the Sobat. We find the lowest emissionsin the highest precipitation and lowest temperature season (June–August, JJA) when modelsestimate large emissions. In general, our emission estimates show betteragreement in terms of both seasonal cycle and annual mean with modelestimates that use a stronger temperature dependence. This suggests thattemperature might be a stronger control for the South Sudan wetlandsemissions than currently assumed by models. Our findings demonstrate the useof satellite instruments for quantifying emissions from inaccessible anduncertain tropical wetlands, providing clues for the improvement of processmodels and thereby improving our understanding of the currently uncertaincontribution of wetlands to the global methane budget.

Using satellite data to identify the methane emission controls of South Sudan's wetlands