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. The hydro-biogeochemical model Catchment NutrientManagement Model – DeNitrification-DeComposition (CNMM-DNDC) was establishedto simultaneously quantify ecosystem productivity and losses of nitrogen andcarbon at the site or catchment scale. As a process-oriented model, thismodel is expected to be universally applied to different climate zones,soils, land uses and field management practices. This study is one of manyefforts to fulfill such an expectation, which was performed to improve theCNMM-DNDC by incorporating a physically based soil thermal module to simulatethe soil thermal regime in the presence of freeze–thaw cycles. The modifiedmodel was validated with simultaneous field observations in three typicalalpine ecosystems (wetlands, meadows and forests) within a catchment locatedin seasonally frozen regions of the eastern Tibetan Plateau, includingobservations of soil profile temperature, topsoil moisture, and fluxes of methane (CH4)and nitrous oxide (N2O). The validation showed that the modifiedCNMM-DNDC was able to simulate the observed seasonal dynamics and magnitudesof the variables in the three typical alpine ecosystems, with index-of-agreement values of 0.91–1.00, 0.49–0.83, 0.57–0.88 and 0.26–0.47,respectively. Consistent with the emissions determined from the fieldobservations, the simulated aggregate emissions of CH4 and N2Owere highest for the wetland among three alpine ecosystems, which weredominated by the CH4 emissions. This study indicates the possibilityfor utilizing the process-oriented model CNMM-DNDC to predicthydro-biogeochemical processes, as well as related gas emissions, inseasonally frozen regions. As the original CNMM-DNDC was previouslyvalidated in some unfrozen regions, the modified CNMM-DNDC could bepotentially applied to estimate the emissions of CH4 and N2O fromvarious ecosystems under different climate zones at the site or catchmentscale.

biogeosciences

An improved process-oriented hydro-biogeochemical model for simulating dynamic fluxes of methane and nitrous oxide in alpine ecosystems with seasonally frozen soils