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. Tropical forest soils are an important source and sink of greenhouse gases(GHGs), with tropical montane forests, in particular, having been poorly studied. Theunderstanding of this ecosystem function is of vital importance for futureclimate change research. In this study, we explored soil fluxesof carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), and nitrous oxide(N 2 O) in four tropical forest sites located on the western flanks ofthe Andes in northern Ecuador. The measurements were carried out during thedry season from August to September 2018 and along an altitudinal gradientfrom 400 to 3010 m a.s.l. (above sea level). During this short-term campaign, our measurementsshowed (1) an unusual but marked increase in CO 2 emissions at highaltitude, possibly linked to changes in soil pH and/or root biomass, (2) aconsistent atmospheric CH 4 sink over all altitudes with high temporaland spatial variability, and (3) a transition from a net N 2 O source tosink along the altitudinal gradient. Our results provide arguments andinsights for future and more detailed studies on tropical montane forests.Furthermore, they stress the relevance of using altitudinal transects as abiogeochemical open-air laboratory with a steep in situ environmental gradientover a limited spatial distance. Although short-term studies of temporalvariations can improve our understanding of the mechanisms behind theproduction and consumption of soil GHGs, the inclusion of more rigoroussampling for forest management events, forest rotation cycles, soil type,hydrological conditions and drainage status, ground vegetation compositionand cover, soil microclimate, and temporal (seasonality) and spatial(topographic positions) variability is needed in order to obtain morereliable estimates of the CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O source/sinkstrength of tropical montane forests.

biogeosciences

Ideas and perspectives: patterns of soil CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, and N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O fluxes along an altitudinal gradient – a pilot study from an Ecuadorian neotropical montane forest