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. Headwater streams drain &gt;70 % of global land areasbut are poorly monitored compared with large rivers. The small size and lowwater buffering capacity of headwater streams may result in a highsensitivity to local hydrological alterations and different carbon transportpatterns from large rivers. Furthermore, alpine headwater streams on the“Asian water tower”, i.e., Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, are heavily affectedby thawing of frozen soils in spring as well as monsoonal precipitation insummer, which may present contrasting spatial–temporal variations in carbontransport compared to tropical and temperate streams and strongly influencethe export of carbon locked in seasonally frozen soils. To illustrate theunique hydro-biogeochemistry of riverine carbon in Qinghai–Tibetan headwaterstreams, here we carry out a benchmark investigation on the riverine carbontransport in the Shaliu River (a small alpine river integrating headwaterstreams) based on annual flux monitoring, sampling at a high spatialresolution in two different seasons and hydrological event monitoring. Weshow that riverine carbon fluxes in the Shaliu River were dominated bydissolved inorganic carbon, peaking in the summer due to high dischargebrought by the monsoon. Combining seasonal sampling along the river andmonitoring of soil–river carbon transfer during spring thaw, we also showthat both dissolved and particulate forms of riverine carbon increaseddownstream in the pre-monsoon season due to increasing contribution oforganic matter derived from thawed soils along the river. By comparison,riverine carbon fluctuated in the summer, likely associated with sporadicinputs of organic matter supplied by local precipitation events during themonsoon season. Furthermore, using lignin phenol analysis for both riverineorganic matter and soils in the basin, we show that the higheracid-to-aldehyde (Ad/Al) ratios of riverine lignin in the monsoon seasonreflect a larger contribution of topsoil likely via increased surface runoffcompared with the pre-monsoon season when soil leachate lignin Ad/Al ratioswere closer to those in the subsoil than topsoil solutions. Overall, thesefindings highlight the unique patterns and strong links of carbon transportin alpine headwater catchments with local hydrological events. Given theprojected climate warming on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau, thawing of frozensoils and alterations of precipitation regimes may significantly influencethe alpine headwater carbon transport, with critical effects on thebiogeochemical cycles of the downstream rivers. The alpine headwatercatchments may also be utilized as sentinels for climate-induced changes inthe hydrological pathways and/or biogeochemistry of the small basin.

Spatial–temporal variations in riverine carbon strongly influenced by local hydrological events in an alpine catchment