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. Crop phenology exerts measurable impacts on soil surfaceproperties, biophysical processes and climate feedbacks, particularly atlocal or regional scales. Nevertheless, the response of surface biophysicalprocesses to climate feedbacks as affected by sowing date in winter wheatcroplands has been overlooked, especially during winter dormancy. Thedynamics of leaf area index (LAI), surface energy balance and canopytemperature ( Tc ) were simulated by a modified SiBcrop (Simple Biosphere) model under twosowing date scenarios (early sowing, EP; late sowing, LP) at 10 stations inthe North China Plain. The results showed that the SiBcrop model with a modifiedcrop phenology scheme well simulated the seasonal dynamic of LAI, Tc ,phenology and surface heat fluxes. An earlier sowing date had a higher LAI withearlier development than a later sowing date. But the response of Tc tothe sowing date exhibited opposite patterns during the dormancy and active-growth periods: EP led to higher Tc (0.05 K) than LP in the dormancyperiod and lower Tc ( −0.2  K) in the growth period. The highest difference(0.6 K) between EP and LP happened at the time when wheat was sown in EP butwas not in LP. The higher LAI captured more net radiation with a warmingeffect but partitioned more energy into latent heat flux with cooling. Theclimate feedback of the sowing date, which was more obvious in winter in thenorthern areas and in the growing period in the southern areas, wasdetermined by the relative contributions of the albedo radiative process andpartitioning non-radiative process. The study highlights the surfacebiophysical process of land management in modulating climate.

Divergent climate feedbacks on winter wheat growing and dormancy periods as affected by sowing date in the North China Plain