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. The sea surface microlayer (SML) represents the boundary layer at the air–seainterface. Microbial eukaryotes in the SML potentially influence air–sea gasexchange directly by taking up and producing gases and indirectly byexcreting and degrading organic matter, which may modify the viscoelasticproperties of the SML. However, little is known about the distribution ofmicrobial eukaryotes in the SML. We studied the composition of the microbialcommunity, transparent exopolymer particles and polysaccharides in the SMLduring the PEACETIME cruise along a west–east transect in the MediterraneanSea, covering the western basin, Tyrrhenian Sea and Ionian Sea. At thestations located in the Ionian Sea, fungi – likely of continental origin anddelivered by atmospheric deposition – were found in high relative abundances,making up a significant proportion of the sequences recovered. Concomitantly,bacterial and picophytoplankton counts decreased from west to east, whiletransparent exopolymer particle (TEP) abundance and total carbohydrate (TCHO)concentrations remained constant in all basins. Our results suggest that thepresence of substrates for fungi, such as Cladosporium, known to take up phytoplankton-derived polysaccharides, in combination with decreasedsubstrate competition by bacteria, might favor fungal dominance in the neustonof the Ionian Sea and other low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (LNLC) regions.

Eukaryotic community composition in the sea surface microlayer across an east–west transect in the Mediterranean Sea