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. Multiple global change drivers affect plant productivity of grasslands andthus ecosystem services like forage production and the soil carbon sink.Subalpine grasslands seem particularly affected and may serve as a proxy forthe cold, continental grasslands of the Northern Hemisphere. Here, weconducted a 4-year field experiment (AlpGrass) with 216 turf monoliths,subjected to three global change drivers: warming, moisture, andN deposition. Monoliths from six different subalpine pastures weretransplanted to a common location with six climate scenario sites (CSs). CSswere located along an altitudinal gradient from 2360 to 1680 m a.s.l.,representing an April–October mean temperature change of −1.4 to +3.0 ∘C, compared to CSreference with no temperaturechange and with climate conditions comparable to the sites of origin. Touncouple temperature effects along the altitudinal gradient from soilmoisture and soil fertility effects, an irrigation treatment (+12 %–21 %of ambient precipitation) and an N-deposition treatment (+3 kg and +15 kg N ha−1 a−1) were applied in a factorial design, the lattersimulating a fertilizing air pollution effect. Moderate warming led to increased productivity. Across the 4-yearexperimental period, the mean annual yield peaked at intermediate CSs(+43 % at +0.7 ∘C and +44 % at +1.8 ∘C),coinciding with ca. 50 % of days with less than 40 % soil moistureduring the growing season. The yield increase was smaller at the lowest,warmest CS (+3.0 ∘C) but was still 12 % larger than atCSreference. These yield differences among CSs were well explained bydifferences in soil moisture and received thermal energy. Irrigation had asignificant effect on yield (+16 %–19 %) in dry years, whereasatmospheric N deposition did not result in a significant yield response. Weconclude that productivity of semi-natural, highly diverse subalpinegrassland will increase in the near future. Despite increasingly limitingsoil water content, plant growth will respond positively to up to+1.8 ∘C warming during the growing period, corresponding to+1.3 ∘C annual mean warming.

biogeosciences

Subalpine grassland productivity increased with warmer and drier conditions, but not with higher N deposition, in an altitudinal transplantation experiment