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. Lichen heaths are declining in abundance in alpine andArctic areas partly due to an increasing competition with shrubs. This shiftin vegetation types might have important consequences for the microclimateand climate on a larger scale. The aim of our study is to measure thedifference in microclimatic conditions between lichen heaths and shrubvegetation during the growing season. With a paired plot design, we measuredthe net radiation, soil heat flux, soil temperature and soil moisture on analpine mountain area in southern Norway during the summer of 2018 and 2019. Wedetermined that the daily net radiation of lichens was on average 3.15 MJ(26 %) lower than for shrubs during the growing season. This was mainlydue to a higher albedo of the lichen heaths but also due to a largerlongwave radiation loss. Subsequently, we estimate that a shift from alichen heath to shrub vegetation leads to an average increase in atmosphericheating of 3.35 MJ d−1 during the growing season. Surprisingly, the soilheat flux and soil temperature were higher below lichens than below shrubsduring days with high air temperatures. This implies that the relativelyhigh albedo of lichens does not lead to a cooler soil compared to shrubsduring the growing season. We predict that the thicker litter layer, thepresence of soil shading and a higher evapotranspiration rate at shrubvegetation are far more important factors in explaining the variation insoil temperature between lichens and shrubs. Our study shows that a shiftfrom lichen heaths to shrub vegetation in alpine and Arctic areas will leadto atmospheric heating, but it has a cooling effect on the subsurface duringthe growing season, especially when air temperatures are relatively high.

Microclimatic comparison of lichen heaths and shrubs: shrubification generates atmospheric heating but subsurface cooling during the growing season