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. A 5-year greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange study of the three major gasspecies (CO2, CH4 and N2O) from an intensively managedpermanent grassland in Switzerland is presented. Measurements comprise 2 years (2010 and 2011) of manual static chamber measurements of CH4 andN2O, 5 years of continuous eddy covariance (EC) measurements(CO2–H2O – 2010–2014), and 3 years (2012–2014) of ECmeasurement of CH4 and N2O. Intensive grassland managementincluded both regular and sporadic management activities. Regular managementpractices encompassed mowing (three to five cuts per year) with subsequent organicfertilizer amendments and occasional grazing, whereas sporadic managementactivities comprised grazing or similar activities. The primary objective ofour measurements was to compare pre-plowing to post-plowing GHG exchangeand to identify potential memory effects of such a substantial disturbanceon GHG exchange and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) gains and losses. In order toinclude measurements carried out with different observation techniques, wetested two different measurement techniques jointly in 2013, namely themanual static chamber approach and the eddy covariance technique forN2O, to quantify the GHG exchange from the observed grassland site. Our results showed that there were no memory effects on N2O andCH4 emissions after plowing, whereas the CO2 uptake of the siteconsiderably increased when compared to pre-restoration years. In detail,we observed large losses of CO2 and N2O during the year ofrestoration. In contrast, the grassland acted as a carbon sink under usualmanagement, i.e., the time periods 2010–2011 and 2013–2014. Enhancedemissions and emission peaks of N2O (defined as exceeding backgroundemissions 0.21 ± 0.55 nmol m−2 s−1 (SE = 0.02) forat least 2 sequential days and the 7 d moving average exceedingbackground emissions) were observed for almost 7 continuous months afterrestoration as well as following organic fertilizer applications during allyears. Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEECO2) showed a commonpattern of increased uptake of CO2 in spring and reduced uptake in latefall. NEECO2 dropped to zero and became positive after each harvestevent. Methane (CH4) exchange fluctuated around zero during all years.Overall, CH4 exchange was of negligible importance for both the GHGbudget and the carbon budget of the site. Our results stress the inclusion of grassland restoration events whenproviding cumulative sums of C sequestration potential and/or globalwarming potential (GWP). Consequently, this study further highlights theneed for continuous long-term GHG exchange observations as well as for theimplementation of our findings into biogeochemical process models to trackpotential GHG mitigation objectives as well as to predict future GHGemission scenarios reliably.

biogeosciences

Are there memory effects on greenhouse gas emissions (CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;, N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O and CH&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;4&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;) following grassland restoration?