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. In the abyssal equatorial Pacific Ocean, most of theseafloor of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ), a 6 million km2 polymetallic nodule province, has been preempted for future mining.In light of the large environmental footprint that mining would leave andgiven the diversity and the vulnerability of the abyssal fauna, theInternational Seabed Authority has implemented a regional management planthat includes the creation of nine Areas of Particular EnvironmentalInterest (APEIs) located at the periphery of the CCFZ. The scientificprinciples for the design of the APEIs were based on the best – albeit verylimited – knowledge of the area. The fauna and habitats in the APEIs areunknown, as are species' ranges and the extent of biodiversity across theCCFZ. As part of the Joint Programming Initiative Healthy and Productive Seas andOceans (JPI Oceans) pilot action “Ecological aspects of deep-sea mining”,the SO239 cruise provided data to improve species inventories, determinespecies ranges, identify the drivers of beta diversity patterns and assessthe representativeness of an APEI. Four exploration contract areas and anAPEI (APEI no. 3) were sampled along a gradient of sea surface primaryproductivity that spanned a distance of 1440 km in the eastern CCFZ. Betweenthree and eight quantitative box cores (0.25 m2; 0–10 cm) were sampled in eachstudy area, resulting in a large collection of polychaetes that weremorphologically and molecularly (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S genes) analyzed. A total of 275 polychaete morphospecies were identified. Only onemorphospecies was shared among all five study areas and 49 % weresingletons. The patterns in community structure and composition were mainlyattributed to variations in organic carbon fluxes to the seafloor at theregional scale and nodule density at the local scale, thus supporting themain assumptions underlying the design of the APEIs. However, the APEI no. 3,which is located in an oligotrophic province and separated from the CCFZ bythe Clarion Fracture Zone, showed the lowest densities, lowest diversity, and a very low and distant independent similarity in communitycomposition compared to the contract areas, thus questioning therepresentativeness and the appropriateness of APEI no. 3 to meet its purposeof diversity preservation. Among the four exploration contracts, whichbelong to a mesotrophic province, the distance decay of similarity provideda species turnover of 0.04 species km−1, an average species range of 25km and an extrapolated richness of up to 240 000 polychaete species in theCCFZ. By contrast, nonparametric estimators of diversity predict a regionalrichness of up to 498 species. Both estimates are biased by the highfrequency of singletons in the dataset, which likely result fromunder-sampling and merely reflect our level of uncertainty. The assessmentof potential risks and scales of biodiversity loss due to nodule mining thusrequires an appropriate inventory of species richness in the CCFZ.

biogeosciences

Alpha and beta diversity patterns of polychaete assemblages across the nodule province of the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone (equatorial Pacific)