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. Forest disturbance and regrowth are key processes inforest dynamics, but detailed information on these processes is difficult toobtain in remote forests such as the Amazon. We used chronosequences ofLandsat satellite imagery (Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper and Landsat 7 EnhancedThematic Mapper Plus) to determine the sensitivity of surface reflectancefrom all spectral bands to windthrow, clear-cut, and clear-cut and burned(cut  +  burn) and their successional pathways of forest regrowth in theCentral Amazon. We also assessed whether the forest demography modelFunctionally Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator (FATES) implementedin the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) Land Model(ELM), ELM-FATES, accurately represents the changes for windthrow andclear-cut. The results show that all spectral bands from the Landsat satelliteswere sensitive to the disturbances but after 3 to 6 years only thenear-infrared (NIR) band had significant changes associated with thesuccessional pathways of forest regrowth for all the disturbancesconsidered. In general, the NIR values decreased immediately after disturbance,increased to maximum values with the establishment of pioneers andearly successional tree species, and then decreased slowly and almostlinearly to pre-disturbance conditions with the dynamics of forestsuccession. Statistical methods predict that NIR values will return topre-disturbance values in about 39, 36, and 56 years for windthrow,clear-cut, and cut  +  burn disturbances, respectively. The NIR band captured theobserved, and different, successional pathways of forest regrowthafter windthrow, clear-cut, and cut  +  burn. Consistent with inferences from the NIRobservations, ELM-FATES predicted higher peaks of biomass and stem densityafter clear-cuts than after windthrows. ELM-FATES also predicted recovery offorest structure and canopy coverage back to pre-disturbance conditions in38 years after windthrows and 41 years after clear-cut. The similarity ofELM-FATES predictions of regrowth patterns after windthrow and clear-cut tothose of the NIR results suggests the NIR band can be used to benchmark forestregrowth in ecosystem models. Our results show the potential of Landsatimagery data for mapping forest regrowth from different types ofdisturbances, benchmarking, and the improvement of forest regrowth models.

Landsat near-infrared (NIR) band and ELM-FATES sensitivity to forest disturbances and regrowth in the Central Amazon