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. We propose a new method to identify and characterise theoccurrence of prolonged extreme events in marine ecosystems at the basinscale. There is growing interest in events that can affect ecosystemfunctions and services in a changing climate. Our method identifies extremeevents as the peak occurrences over a predefined threshold (i.e. the 99thpercentile) computed from a local time series, and it defines a series ofextreme events that are connected over space and time as an extreme eventwave (EEW). The main features of EEWs are then characterised by a set ofnovel indexes, related to initiation, extent, duration andstrength. The indexes associated with the areas covered by each EEW werethen statistically analysed to highlight the main features of the EEWs inthe considered domain. We applied the method to a multidecadal series ofwinter–spring daily chlorophyll fields that was produced by a validatedcoupled hydrodynamic–biogeochemical model of the Mediterranean open-seaecosystem. This application allowed us to identify and characterise surfacechlorophyll EEWs in the period from 1994 to 2012. Finally, a fuzzyclassification of EEW indexes provided bio-regionalisation of theMediterranean Sea based on the occurrence of chlorophyll EEWs with differentregimes.

Extreme event waves in marine ecosystems: an application to Mediterranean Sea surface chlorophyll