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. Reservoirs are important sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs) to theatmosphere, and their number is rapidly increasing, especially in tropicalregions. Accurately predicting their current and future emissions isessential but hindered by fragmented data on the subject, which often failto include all emission pathways (surface diffusion, ebullition, degassing,and downstream emissions) and the high spatial and temporal fluxvariability. Here we conducted a comprehensive sampling of Batang Aireservoir (Malaysia), and compared field-based versus modelled estimates ofits annual carbon footprint for each emission pathway. Carbon dioxide(CO2) and methane (CH4) surface diffusion were higher in upstreamreaches. Reducing spatial and temporal sampling resolution resulted in up to a 64 % and 33 % change in the flux estimate, respectively. Most GHGs present indischarged water were degassed at the turbines, and the remainder weregradually emitted along the outflow river, leaving time for CH4 to bepartly oxidized to CO2. Overall, the reservoir emitted 2475 gCO2eqm-2yr-1, with 89 % occurring downstream of the dam, mostly inthe form of CH4. These emissions, largely underestimated bypredictions, are mitigated by CH4 oxidation upstream and downstream ofthe dam but could have been drastically reduced by slightly raising thewater intake elevation depth. CO2 surface diffusion and CH4ebullition were lower than predicted, whereas modelled CH4 surfacediffusion was accurate. Investigating latter discrepancies, we conclude thatexploring morphometry, soil type, and stratification patterns as predictorscan improve modelling of reservoir GHG emissions at local and global scales.

biogeosciences

The carbon footprint of a Malaysian tropical reservoir: measured versus modelled estimates highlight the underestimated key role of downstream processes