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. It is expected that information on the source, reactionpathway, and reaction kinetics of an organic compound can be obtained fromits position-specific isotope compositions or intramolecular isotopedistribution (Intra-ID). To retrieve the information, we could use itspredicted equilibrium Intra-ID as a reference for understanding the observedIntra-IDs. Historically, observed, apparently close-to-equilibrium carbonIntra-ID has prompted an open debate on the nature of biosystems andspecifically the pervasiveness of reversible biochemical reactions. Much ofthe debate remains unresolved, and the discussion has not clearlydistinguished between two states of equilibrium: (1) the equilibrium among thecorresponding bond-breaking and bond-forming positions in reactant and product and(2) the equilibrium among all carbon positions within a compound. For anorganic molecule with multiple carbon positions, equilibrium carbon Intra-IDcan be attained only when a specific reaction is in equilibrium and thesources of each position are also in equilibrium with each other. Anobserved Intra-ID provides limited information on if the sources and pathwaysare both unconstrained. Here, we elaborate on this insight using examples ofthe observed Intra-IDs of hydroxyl-bearing minerals, N2O , and aceticacid. Research effort aiming to calibrate position-specific equilibriumand kinetic isotope fractionation factors for defined processes will help tointerpret observed Intra-IDs of a compound accurately and fully.

Ideas and perspectives: The same carbon behaves like different elements – an insight into position-specific isotope distributions