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. Sediment–water oxygen fluxes are widely used as a proxy fororganic carbon production and mineralization at the seafloor. In situ fluxescan be measured non-invasively with the aquatic eddy covariance technique,but a critical requirement is that the sensors of the instrument are able tocorrectly capture the high-frequency variations in dissolved oxygenconcentration and vertical velocity. Even small changes in sensorcharacteristics during deployment as caused, e.g. by biofouling can result inerroneous flux data. Here we present a dual-optode eddy covarianceinstrument (2OEC) with two fast oxygen fibre sensors and document howerroneous flux interpretations and data loss can effectively be reduced bythis hardware and a new data analysis approach. With deployments over acarbonate sandy sediment in the Florida Keys and comparison with parallelbenthic advection chamber incubations, we demonstrate the improved dataquality and data reliability facilitated by the instrument and associateddata processing. Short-term changes in flux that are dubious in measurementswith single oxygen sensor instruments can be confirmed or rejected with the2OEC and in our deployments provided new insights into the temporal dynamicsof benthic oxygen flux in permeable carbonate sands. Under steadyconditions, representative benthic flux data can be generated with the 2OECwithin a couple of hours, making this technique suitable for mappingsediment–water, intra-water column, or atmosphere–water fluxes.

Technical note: Measurements and data analysis of sediment–water oxygen flux using a new dual-optode eddy covariance instrument