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. The annual carbon and water dynamics of two eastern North Americantemperate forests were compared over a 6-year period from 2012 to 2017.The geographic location, forest age, soil, and climate were similar betweenthe two stands; however, stand composition varied in terms of treeleaf-retention and shape strategy: one stand was a deciduous broadleafforest, while the other was an evergreen needleleaf forest. The 6-year meanannual net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of the coniferous forest wasslightly higher and more variable ( 218±109  g C m −2  yr −1 )compared to that of the deciduous forest NEP ( 200±83  g C m −2  yr −1 ). Similarly, the 6-year mean annual evapotranspiration (ET) of theconiferous forest was higher ( 442±33  mm yr −1 ) than that of thedeciduous forest ( 388±34  mm yr −1 ), but with similar interannualvariability. Summer meteorology greatly impacted the carbon and water fluxesin both stands; however, the degree of response varied among the two stands.In general, warm temperatures caused higher ecosystem respiration (RE),resulting in reduced annual NEP values – an impact that was more pronouncedat the deciduous broadleaf forest compared to the evergreen needleleafforest. However, during warm and dry years, the evergreen forest had largelyreduced annual NEP values compared to the deciduous forest. Variability inannual ET at both forests was related most to the variability in annual airtemperature ( Ta ), with the largest annual ET observed in the warmest yearsin the deciduous forest. Additionally, ET was sensitive to prolonged dryperiods that reduced ET at both stands, although the reduction at theconiferous forest was relatively larger than that of the deciduous forest.If prolonged periods (weeks to months) of increased Ta and reducedprecipitation are to be expected under future climates during summer monthsin the study region, our findings suggest that the deciduous broadleafforest will likely remain an annual carbon sink, while the carbonsink–source status of the coniferous forest remains uncertain.

biogeosciences

Response of carbon and water fluxes to meteorological and phenological variability in two eastern North American forests of similar age but contrasting species composition – a multiyear comparison