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. Carbon–nitrogen (C–N) interactions regulate N availability for plant growth and for emissions of nitrous oxide ( N2O )and the uptake of carbon dioxide. Future projections of these terrestrialgreenhouse gas fluxes are strikingly divergent, leading to majoruncertainties in projected global warming. Here we analyse the largeincrease in terrestrial N2O emissions over the past 21 000 years asreconstructed from ice-core isotopic data and presented in part 1 of thisstudy. Remarkably, the increase occurred in two steps, each realized overdecades and within a maximum of 2 centuries, at the onsets of the major deglacial Northern Hemisphere warming events. The data suggest a highlydynamic and responsive global N cycle. The increase may be explained by anincrease in the flux of reactive N entering and leaving ecosystems or by anincrease in N2O yield per unit N converted. We applied the LPX-Berndynamic global vegetation model in deglacial simulations forced with Earthsystem model climate data to investigate N2O emission patterns, mechanisms, and C–N coupling. The N2O emission changes are mainly attributed to changes in temperature and precipitation and the loss of landdue to sea-level rise. LPX-Bern simulates a deglacial increase in N2O emissions but underestimates the reconstructed increase by 47 %.Assuming time-independent N sources in the model to mimic progressive Nlimitation of plant growth results in a decrease in N2O emissions incontrast to the reconstruction. Our results appear consistent withsuggestions of (a) biological controls on ecosystem N acquisition and (b) flexibility in the coupling of the C and N cycles during periods of rapid environmental change. A dominant uncertainty in the explanation of thereconstructed N2O emissions is the poorly known N2O yield per Nlost through gaseous pathways and its sensitivity to soil conditions. Thedeglacial N2O record provides a constraint for future studies.

biogeosciences

N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O changes from the Last Glacial Maximum to the preindustrial – Part 2: terrestrial N&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;O emissions and carbon–nitrogen cycle interactions