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. Seamounts represent ideal systems to study the influenceand interdependency of environmental gradients at a single geographiclocation. These topographic features represent a prominent habitat forvarious forms of life, including microbiota and macrobiota, spanning benthicas well as pelagic organisms. While it is known that seamounts are globallyabundant structures, it still remains unclear how and to which extent thecomplexity of the sea floor is intertwined with the local oceanographicmosaic, biogeochemistry, and microbiology of a seamount ecosystem. Alongthese lines, the present study aimed to explore whether and to what extentseamounts can have an imprint on the microbial community composition ofseawater and of sessile benthic invertebrates, sponges. For ourhigh-resolution sampling approach of microbial diversity (16S rRNA geneamplicon sequencing) along with measurements of inorganic nutrients andother biogeochemical parameters, we focused on the Schulz Bank seamountecosystem, a sponge ground ecosystem which is located on the ArcticMid-Ocean Ridge. Seawater samples were collected at two sampling depths(mid-water, MW, and near-bed water, BW) from a total of 19 sampling sites.With a clustering approach we defined microbial microhabitats within thepelagic realm at Schulz Bank, which were mapped onto the seamount'stopography and related to various environmental parameters (such assuspended particulate matter, SPM; dissolved inorganic carbon, DIC;silicate, SiO4-; phosphate, PO43-; ammonia,NH4+; nitrate, NO32-; nitrite, NO2-;depth; and dissolved oxygen, O2). The results of our study reveal a“seamount effect” (sensu stricto) on the microbial mid-water pelagiccommunity at least 200 m above the sea floor. Further, we observed a strongspatial heterogeneity in the pelagic microbial landscape across theseamount, with planktonic microbial communities reflecting oscillatory andcirculatory water movements, as well as processes of bentho-pelagiccoupling. Depth, NO32-, SiO4-, and O2concentrations differed significantly between the determined pelagicmicrobial clusters close to the sea floor (BW), suggesting that theseparameters were presumably linked to changes in microbial communitystructures. Secondly, we assessed the associated microbial communitycompositions of three sponge species along a depth gradient of the seamount.While sponge-associated microbial communities were found to be mainlyspecies-specific, we also detected significant intra-specific differencesbetween individuals, depending on the pelagic near-bed cluster theyoriginated from. The variable microbial phyla (i.e. phyla which showedsignificant differences across varying depth, NO32-,SiO4-, O2 concentrations, and different from localseawater communities) were distinct for every sponge species whenconsidering average abundances per species. Variable microbial phylaincluded representatives of both those taxa traditionally counted for thevariable community fraction and taxa counted traditionally for thecore community fraction. Microbial co-occurrence patterns for the threeexamined sponge species Geodia hentscheli, Lissodendoryx complicata, and Schaudinnia rosea were distinct from each other. Over all,this study shows that topographic structures such as the Schulz Bankseamount can have an imprint (seamount effect sensu lato) on both themicrobial community composition of seawater and sessile benthicinvertebrates such as sponges by an interplay between the geology, physicaloceanography, biogeochemistry, and microbiology of seamounts.

On giant shoulders: how a seamount affects the microbial community composition of seawater and sponges