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Abstract. Zooplankton play an important role in global biogeochemistry, and theirsecondary production supports valuable fisheries of the world's oceans.Currently, zooplankton standing stocks cannot be estimated using remotesensing techniques. Hence, coupled physical–biogeochemical models (PBMs)provide an important tool for studying zooplankton on regional and globalscales. However, evaluating the accuracy of zooplankton biomass estimatesfrom PBMs has been a major challenge due to sparse observations. In thisstudy, we configure a PBM for the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) from 1993 to 2012 andvalidate the model against an extensive combination of biomass and ratemeasurements. Spatial variability in a multidecadal database ofmesozooplankton biomass for the northern GoM is well resolved by the modelwith a statistically significant ( p  < 0.01) correlation of 0.90.Mesozooplankton secondary production for the region averaged 66 ± 8 × 10 9  kg C yr −1 , equivalent to ∼10  % ofnet primary production (NPP), and ranged from 51 to 82×109  kg C yr −1 , with higher secondary production inside cyclonic eddies andsubstantially reduced secondary production in anticyclonic eddies. Modelresults from the shelf regions suggest that herbivory is the dominantfeeding mode for small mesozooplankton (< 1 mm), whereas larger mesozooplankton are primarily carnivorous. In open-ocean oligotrophicwaters, however, both mesozooplankton groups show proportionally greaterreliance on heterotrophic protists as a food source. This highlights animportant role of microbial and protistan food webs in sustainingmesozooplankton biomass in the GoM, which serves as the primary food sourcefor early life stages of many commercially important fish species, includingtuna.

Quantifying spatiotemporal variability in zooplankton dynamics in the Gulf of Mexico with a physical–biogeochemical model