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. In the western Mediterranean Sea, Levantine intermediatewaters (LIW), which circulate below the surface productive zone,progressively accumulate nutrients along their pathway from the TyrrhenianSea to the Algerian Basin. This study addresses the role played by diffusionin the nutrient enrichment of the LIW, a process particularly relevantinside step-layer structures extending down to deep waters – structures known as thermohalinestaircases. Profiling float observations confirmed that staircases developover epicentral regions confined in large-scale circulation features andmaintained by saltier LIW inflows on the periphery. Thanks to a highprofiling frequency over the 4-year period 2013–2017, float observationsreveal the temporal continuity of the layering patterns encountered duringthe cruise PEACETIME and document the evolution of layer properties byabout +0.06 ∘C in temperature and +0.02 in salinity. In theAlgerian Basin, the analysis of in situ lateral density ratios untangled double-diffusive convection as a driver of thermohaline changes inside epicentral regions and isopycnal diffusion as a driver of heat and saltexchanges with the surrounding sources. In the Tyrrhenian Sea, the nitrateflux across thermohaline staircases, as opposed to the downward salt flux,contributes up to 25 % of the total nitrate pool supplied to the LIW byvertical transfer. Overall, however, the nutrient enrichment of the LIW isdriven mostly by other sources, coastal or atmospheric, as well as by inputsadvected from the Algerian Basin.

Profiling float observation of thermohaline staircases in the western Mediterranean Sea and impact on nutrient fluxes