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. The effects of future warming and drying on tropicalforest functioning remain largely unresolved. Here, we conduct ameta-analysis of observed drought responses in Neotropical humid forests,focusing on carbon and water exchange. Measures of leaf-, tree- and ecosystem-scale performance were retrieved from 145 published studies conducted across232 sites in Neotropical forests. Differentiating between seasonal andepisodic drought, we find that (1) during seasonal drought the increase inatmospheric evaporative demand and a decrease in soil matric potentialresult in a decline in leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, leafphotosynthesis and stem diameter growth while leaf litterfall and leafflushing increase. (2) During episodic drought, we observe a further declinein stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, stem growth and, in contrast toseasonal drought, a decline also in daily tree transpiration. Responses ofecosystem-scale processes, productivity and evapotranspiration are of asmaller magnitude and often not significant. Furthermore, we find that themagnitude and direction of a drought-induced change in photosynthesis,stomatal conductance and transpiration reported in a study is correlated tostudy-averaged wood density. Although wood density is often not functionallyrelated to plant hydraulic properties, we find that it is a good proxy forhydraulic behaviour and can be used to predict leaf- and tree-scale responsesto drought. We present new insights into the functioning of tropical forestin response to drought and present novel relationships between wood densityand tropical-tree responses to drought.

biogeosciences

Drought resistance increases from the individual to the ecosystem level in highly diverse Neotropical rainforest: a meta-analysis of leaf, tree and ecosystem responses to drought