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. Understanding the response of marine organisms to expected future warming isessential. Large benthic foraminifera (LBF) are symbiont-bearing protistsconsidered to be major carbonate producers and ecosystem engineers. Weexamined the thermal tolerance of two main types of LBF holobiontscharacterized by different algal symbionts and shell types (resulting fromalternative biomineralization mechanisms): the hyaline diatom-bearingAmphistegina lobifera and the porcellaneous-dinoflagellate-bearing Sorites orbiculus. In order to assess theholobiont thermal tolerance we separately evaluated foraminiferalcalcification rates and symbionts' net photosynthesis under present-day andfuture warming scenarios. Our results show that both holobionts exhibitprogressive loss-of-life functions between 32 and35  ∘ C. This sensitivity differs in the magnitude of theirresponse: calcification of A. lobifera was drastically reduced compared with S. orbiculus. Thus,future warming may significantly shift the relative contribution of the twospecies as carbonate producers. Moreover, A. lobifera exhibited a synchronous responseof calcification and net photosynthesis. In contrast, in S. orbiculus the symbiontsdecreased net photosynthesis prior to calcification. This implies that algalsymbionts limit the resilience of the halobiont.

Foraminiferal holobiont thermal tolerance under future warming – roommate problems or successful collaboration?