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In recent decades, an increasing persistence of atmospheric circulationpatterns has been observed. In the course of the associated long-lastinganticyclonic summer circulations, heat waves and drought spells often coincide,leading to so-called hotter droughts. Previous hotter droughts caused adecrease in agricultural yields and increase in tree mortality, and thus, had aremarkable effect on carbon budgets and negative economic impacts.Consequently, a quantification of ecosystem responses to hotter droughts and abetter understanding of the underlying mechanisms is crucial. In this context,the European hotter drought of the year 2018 may be considered as a key event.As a first step towards the quantification of its causes and consequences, wehere assess anomalies of atmospheric circulation patterns, temperature loads,and climatic water balance as potential drivers of ecosystem responses asquantified by remote sensing using the MODIS vegetation indices NDVI and EVI.To place the drought of 2018 within a climatological context, we compare itsclimatic features and ecosystem response with the extreme hot drought of 2003.Our results indicated 2018 to be characterized by a climatic dipole, featuringextremely hot and dry weather conditions north of the Alps but comparably cooland moist conditions across large parts of the Mediterranean. Analyzingecosystem response of five dominant land-cover classes, we found significantpositive effects of April-July climatic water balance on ecosystemproductivity. Negative drought impacts appeared to affect a larger area in 2018compared to 2003. We found a significantly higher sensitivity of pastures andarable land to climatic water balance compared to forests in both years. Thisstudy quantifies the drought of 2018 as a yet unprecedented event and providesvaluable insights into the heterogeneous drought responses of Europeanecosystems.

Quantifying impacts of the drought 2018 on European ecosystems in comparison to 2003