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. The effects of atmospheric nitrogen deposition(Ndep) on carbon (C) sequestration in forests have often been assessedby relating differences in productivity to spatial variations of Ndepacross a large geographic domain. These correlations generally suffer fromcovariation of other confounding variables related to climate and othergrowth-limiting factors, as well as large uncertainties in total (dry + wet) reactive nitrogen (Nr) deposition. We propose a methodology foruntangling the effects of Ndep from those of meteorological variables,soil water retention capacity and stand age, using a mechanistic forestgrowth model in combination with eddy covariance CO2 exchange fluxesfrom a Europe-wide network of 22 forest flux towers. Total Nrdeposition rates were estimated from local measurements as far as possible.The forest data were compared with data from natural or semi-natural,non-woody vegetation sites. The response of forest net ecosystem productivity to nitrogen deposition(dNEP ∕ dNdep) was estimated after accounting for the effects on grossprimary productivity (GPP) of the co-correlates by means of a meta-modellingstandardization procedure, which resulted in a reduction by a factor ofabout 2 of the uncorrected, apparent dGPP ∕ dNdep value. Thismodel-enhanced analysis of the C and Ndep flux observations at thescale of the European network suggests a mean overall dNEP ∕ dNdepresponse of forest lifetime C sequestration to Ndep of the order of40–50 g C per g N, which is slightly larger but not significantlydifferent from the range of estimates published in the most recent reviews.Importantly, patterns of gross primary and net ecosystem productivity versusNdep were non-linear, with no further growth responses at highNdep levels (Ndep &gt; 2.5–3 g N m−2 yr−1)but accompanied by increasingly large ecosystem N losses by leaching andgaseous emissions. The reduced increase in productivity per unit N depositedat high Ndep levels implies that the forecast increased Nremissions and increased Ndep levels in large areas of Asia may notpositively impact the continent's forest CO2 sink. The large level ofunexplained variability in observed carbon sequestration efficiency (CSE)across sites further adds to the uncertainty in the dC∕dN response.

biogeosciences

Carbon–nitrogen interactions in European forests and semi-natural vegetation – Part 2: Untangling climatic, edaphic, management and nitrogen deposition effects on carbon sequestration potentials