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. High-resolution optical and hydro-acoustic sea floor data acquired in 2015enabled the reconstruction and exact localization of disturbance tracks of apast deep-sea recolonization experiment (DISCOL) that was conducted in 1989in the Peru Basin during a German environmental impact study associated withmanganese-nodule mining. Based on this information, the disturbance level ofthe experiment regarding the direct plough impact and distribution andredeposition of sediment from the evolving sediment plume was assessedqualitatively. The compilation of all available optical and acoustic datasets available from the DISCOL Experimental Area (DEA) and the derivedaccurate positions of the different plough marks facilitate the analysis ofthe sedimentary evolution over the last 26 years for a sub-set of the 78disturbance tracks. The results highlight the remarkable difference betweennatural sedimentation in the deep sea and sedimentation of a resettledsediment plume; most of the blanketing of the plough tracks happened throughthe resettling of plume sediment from plough tracks created later. Generallysediment plumes are seen as one of the important impacts associated withpotential Mn-nodule mining. For enabling a better evaluation and interpretation of particularlygeochemical and microbiological data, a relative age sequence of singleplough marks and groups of them was derived and is presented here. This isimportant as the thickness of resettled sediment differs distinctly between plough marks created earlier and later. Problems in data processing became eminent for data from the late 1980s, at atime when GPS was just invented and underwater navigation was in an infantstage. However, even today the uncertainties of underwater navigation needto be considered if a variety of acoustical and optical sensors withdifferent resolution should be merged to correlate accurately with theabsolute geographic position. In this study, the ship-based bathymetric mapwas used as the absolute geographic reference layer and a workflow was appliedfor geo-referencing all the other data sets of the DISCOL Experimental Areauntil the end of 2015. New high-resolution field data were mainly acquired withsensors attached to GEOMAR's AUV Abyss and the 0.5∘ × 1∘ EM122multibeam system of RV Sonne during cruise SO242-1. Legacy data from the1980s and 1990s first needed to be found and compiled before they could bedigitized and properly geo-referenced for our joined analyses.

biogeosciences

Scars in the abyss: reconstructing sequence, location and temporal change of the 78 plough tracks of the 1989 DISCOL deep-sea disturbance experiment in the Peru Basin