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. The Tibetan Plateau (TP) is the largest alpine plateau onEarth and plays an important role in global climate dynamics. On the TP,climate change is happening particularly fast, with an increase in airtemperature twice the global average. The particular sensitivity of thishigh mountain environment allows observation and tracking of abiotic andbiotic feedback mechanisms. Closed lake systems, such as Nam Co on thecentral TP, represent important natural laboratories for tracking past andrecent climatic changes, as well as geobiological processes and interactionswithin their respective catchments. This review gives an interdisciplinaryoverview of past and modern environmental changes using Nam Co as a casestudy. In the catchment area, ongoing rise in air temperature forcesglaciers to melt, contributing to a rise in lake level and changes in waterchemistry. Some studies base their conclusions on inconsistent glacierinventories, but an ever-increasing deglaciation and thus higher wateravailability have persisted over the last few decades. Increasing wateravailability causes translocation of sediments, nutrients and dissolvedorganic matter to the lake, as well as higher carbon emissions to theatmosphere. The intensity of grazing has an additional and significanteffect on CO2 fluxes, with moderate grazing enhancing belowgroundallocation of carbon while adversely affecting the C sink potential throughreduction of above-surface and subsurface biomass at higher grazing intensities.Furthermore, increasing pressure from human activities and livestock grazingare enhancing grassland degradation processes, thus shaping biodiversitypatterns in the lake and catchment. The environmental signal provided bytaxon-specific analysis (e.g., diatoms and ostracods) in Nam Co revealedprofound climatic fluctuations between warmer–cooler and wetter–drierperiods since the late Pleistocene and an increasing input of freshwater andnutrients from the catchment in recent years. Based on the reviewedliterature, we outline perspectives to further understand the effects ofglobal warming on geodiversity and biodiversity and their interplay at Nam Co,which acts as a case study for potentially TP-level or even worldwide processesthat are currently shaping high mountain areas.

Reviews and syntheses: How do abiotic and biotic processes respond to climatic variations in the Nam Co catchment (Tibetan Plateau)?