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. Transparent exopolymer particles (TEPs) are a class of gelparticles, produced mainly by microorganisms, which play important roles inbiogeochemical processes such as carbon cycling and export. TEPs (a) arecolonized by carbon-consuming microbes; (b) mediate aggregation and sinkingof organic matter and organisms, thereby contributing to the biologicalcarbon pump; and (c) accumulate in the surface microlayer (SML) and affectair–sea gas exchange. The first step to evaluate the global influence ofTEPs in these processes is the prediction of TEP occurrence in the ocean.Yet, little is known about the physical and biological variables that drivetheir abundance, particularly in the open ocean. Here we describe thehorizontal TEP distribution, along with physical and biological variables, insurface waters along a north–south transect in the Atlantic Ocean duringOctober–November 2014. Two main regions were separated due to remarkabledifferences: the open Atlantic Ocean (OAO, n=30 ), and the SouthwesternAtlantic Shelf (SWAS, n=10 ). TEP concentration in the entire transectranged 18.3–446.8  µ g XG eq L −1 and averaged 117.1±119.8 µ g XG eq L −1 , with the maximum concentrations in theSWAS and in a station located at the edge of the Canary Coastal Upwelling(CU), and the highest TEP to chlorophyll  a ( TEP:Chl a )ratios in the OAO ( 183±56 ) and CU (1760). TEPs were significantly andpositively related to Chl a and phytoplankton biomass, expressed in termsof C, along the entire transect. In the OAO, TEPs were positively related tosome phytoplankton groups, mainly Synechococcus. They werenegatively related to the previous 24 h averaged solar irradiance,suggesting that sunlight, particularly UV radiation, is more a sink than asource for TEP. Multiple regression analyses showed the combined positiveeffect of phytoplankton and heterotrophic prokaryotes (HPs) on TEPdistribution in the OAO. In the SWAS, TEPs were positively related to highnucleic acid-containing prokaryotic cells and total phytoplankton biomass,but not to any particular phytoplankton group. Estimated TEP–carbonconstituted an important portion of the particulate organic carbon pool inthe entire transect (28 %–110 %), generally higher than thephytoplankton and HP carbon shares, which highlights the importance of TEPsin the cycling of organic matter in the ocean.

Main drivers of transparent exopolymer particle distribution across the surface Atlantic Ocean